From practically the moment it was turned on, the James Webb Space Telescope has been shaking cosmology. In some of its very earliest observations, the telescope was able to look back at some of the earliest galaxies ever observed, and it found something odd: These galaxies were much brighter than anyone had predicted. Even when the telescope’s instruments were carefully calibrated over the few weeks after beginning operations, the discrepancy remained. It seemed like the early universe was a much busier, brighter place than expected, and no one knew why.
This wasn’t a minor issue. The fact early galaxies appeared to be bigger or brighter than model predicted meant that something was off about the way we understood the early universe. The findings were even considered “universe breaking.” Now, though, new research suggests that the universe isn’t broken — it’s just that there were early black holes playing tricks.
The reason bright galaxies were surprising was that the obvious explanation would we that there were more stars, or brighter stars, in each galaxy. But stars can only appear and grow so fast, depending on the amount of matter around them. Trying to explain how galaxies could have grown to gargantuan proportions was difficult. Now, it seems that some of this extra brightness was caused by black holes, which gobble up nearby material. As they feed, that nearby material heats up and glows, giving off light that makes the galaxies brighter.
According to a new paper in The Astronomical Journal, this explains some — but not all — of that extra brightness. “We are still seeing more galaxies than predicted, although none of them are so massive that they ‘break’ the universe,” explained lead researcher Katherine Chworowsky of the University of Texas at Austin.
The research used data from the James Webb CEERS Survey, which identified some of these earliest galaxies. When researchers removed galaxies that were very red and compact from the analysis, based on the fact the redness could indicate black holes at work, the galaxies that are left behind fit more into what was expected.
“So, the bottom line is there is no crisis in terms of the standard model of cosmology,” said Steven Finkelstein, leader of CEERS. “Any time you have a theory that has stood the test of time for so long, you have to have overwhelming evidence to really throw it out. And that’s simply not the case.”
It isn’t a matter of case closed though. Even though the remaining galaxies aren’t wildly bright any more, they are still much more numerous than expected. There are roughly twice as many massive galaxies found as had been predicted. That does still suggest that early stars were forming faster than they do today, for reasons we don’t understand yet.
“And so there is still that sense of intrigue,” Chworowsky said. “Not everything is fully understood. That’s what makes doing this kind of science fun, because it’d be a terribly boring field if one paper figured everything out, or there were no more questions to answer.”
After 13 suborbital test flights and more than $15 billion in development costs, SpaceX's Starship has finally reached orbit. The 407-foot megarocket, the most powerful ever built, lifted off from Starbase, Texas, on Monday and delivered its first real payload on it's 14th attempt. The celebration came with an asterisk, though, since SpaceX had to cut the planned 10-hour mission to roughly three hours.
https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/2104601695711904180
SpaceX is finally ready to give Starship its biggest test yet. The company says the massive rocket's 14th test flight is scheduled for September 22, when it will attempt to put the upper stage into Earth orbit for the first time. The launch is currently pending regulatory approval, with a 75-minute window opening at 7:15 a.m. CT.
Starship has 26 Starlink satellites to deliver
For decades, humanity has looked up at the Moon and wondered what it would be like to live on it. Think sprawling cities, factories, research centers, and permanent human settlements. Unfortunately, there is one fairly fundamental problem with that vision.
A new study published in Frontiers in Space Technologies argues that even the Moon's potentially enormous reserves of frozen water may be nowhere near enough to support city-sized populations sustainably. Researchers Martin Elvis and Jonathan McDowell estimate that the permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles could contain roughly one billion tons of water. It sounds like an extraordinary amount until you put a million thirsty humans next to it.